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S41 Figure 1ConclusionsWhile SARS-CoV-2 infection was a large component of hospitalised aLRTD, non-SARS-CoV-2 infection caused 56% of respiratory infection hospitalisations overall. Measured incidences of non-SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia and NP-LRTI were higher than pre-pandemic UK estimates. Given public health interventions to reduce all infective aLRTD implemented during this year, these higher estimates likely reflect highly comprehensive surveillance although there may have been a true higher non-SARS-CoV-2 disease incidence. These results demonstrate the significant burden of acute respiratory infection on healthcare systems. Broader efforts to prevent and manage all forms of adult aLRTD should be prioritized in addition to current COVID-19 prevention efforts.Please refer to page A209 for declarations of interest related to this .
ABSTRACT
Background: Acute Lower Respiratory Tract Disease (aLRTD) includes pneumonia, non-pneumonic lower respiratory tract infection (NP-LRTI), heart failure (HF) and chronic respiratory disease exacerbation (CRDE). COVID19 has affected aLRTD disease burden. Few studies estimate total aLRTD burden, and subgroup distribution may have changed. Aim(s): To describe the frequency of individual aLRTD components and determine the impact of COVID19 on aLRTD disease. Method(s): A prospective cohort study of all adults >=18y admitted to either acute care hospital in Bristol, UK, from Aug 20-Jul 21. Patients were included if presenting with signs/symptoms or a clinical/radiological diagnosis of aLRTD. Result(s): 9243 aLRTD hospitalisations occurred: 5161 pneumonia, 2636 NP-LRTI, 1990 HF, 4144 CRDE, and 198 undifferentiated aLRTD cases. Overlap was common (Fig1): 31% HF and 83% CRDE events occurred in association with pneumonia or NP-LRTI. Hospitalisation rates corresponded with COVID-19 incidence over time. 41% hospitalisations were associated with positive SARS-CoV-2 test. Non-COVID19 aLRTD hospitalisations showed less variation over time. Discussion(s): aLRTD is a complex matrix with significant overlap between CRDE, HF and pneumonia/NP-LRTI. COVID19 disease in hospitalised adults was a large component of total aLRTD during this pandemic year;however, non-COVID19 aLRTD caused considerable disease burden.
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When the Indian government declared the first lockdown on 25 March 2020 to control the increasing number of COVID-19 cases, people were forced to stay and work from home. The aim of this study is to quantify the impact of stay-at-home orders on residential Air Conditioning (AC) energy and household electricity consumption (excluding AC energy). This was done using monitored data from 380 homes in a group of five buildings in Hyderabad, India. We gathered AC energy and household electricity consumption data at a 30-min interval for each home individually in April 2019 and April 2020. Descriptive and inferential statistical analysis was done on this data. To offset the difference in temperatures for the month of April in 2019 and 2020, only those weekdays were selected where the average temperature in 2019 was same as the average temperature in 2020. The study establishes that the average number of hours the AC was used per day in each home increased in the range 4.90–7.45% depending on the temperature for the year 2020. Correspondingly, the overall AC consumption increased in the range 3.60–4.5%, however the daytime (8:00 AM to 8:00 PM) AC energy consumption increased in the range 22–26% and nighttime (8:00 PM to 8:00 AM) AC energy consumption decreased by 5–7% in the year 2020. The study showed a rise in household electricity consumption of about 15% for the entire day in the year 2020. The household electricity consumption increased during daytime by 22- 27.50% and 1.90- 6.6% during the nighttime. It was observed that the morning household electricity peak demand shifted from 7:00 AM in 2019 to 9:00 AM in 2020. Conversely, the evening peak demand shifted from 9:00 PM in 2019 to 7:00 PM in 2020. An additional peak was observed during afternoon hours in the lockdown. © 2022, The Author(s).
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Background. Whether receipt of COVID-19 vaccine associates with receipt of other routinely-recommended adult vaccines such as, influenza and pneumococcal vaccines is not well described. We evaluated this relationship in a population of adults who were hospitalized for acute respiratory infection (ARI). *Odds ratio describing odds of receiving at least one COVID-19 vaccine (vs not) by influenza vaccination status adjusted for race, employment status, chronic cardiac diseases, cancer, solid organ transplant, and chronic kidney disease. **Odds ratio describing odds of receiving at least one COVID-19 vaccine (vs not) by pneumococcal vaccination status adjusted for race and chronic kidney disease. Methods. We enrolled adults (>= 18 years of age) who were hospitalized at Emory University Hospital and Emory University Hospital Midtown with symptoms consistent with ARI. Participants were interviewed and medical records ed to gather demographic information, including social behaviors during the pandemic, medical history, and prior vaccination history (i.e., COVID-19, influenza, and pneumococcal). Using two separate logistic regression analyses, we determined the association between i) receipt of influenza vaccine in the prior year among adults >= 18 years and ii) receipt of any pneumococcal vaccine in the prior 5 years among adults >= 65 years on the receipt of at least one COVID-19 vaccine>= 14 days prior to admission. Adjusted models included demographic information (e.g., age, sex, race/ethnicity, employment status), social behaviors, and history of chronic medical conditions. Results. Overall, 1056 participants were enrolled and had vaccination records available. Of whom, 509/1056 (48.2%) had received at least one dose of COVID-19 vaccine. Adults >= 18 years who received influenza vaccine were more likely to have received >=1 dose of COVID-19 vaccine compared to those who did not (267/373 [71.6%] vs 242/683 [35.4%] P=< .0001;adjusted odds ratio [OR]: 3.3 [95%CI: 2.4, 4.4]). Similarly, adults >=65 years who received pneumococcal vaccine were more likely to have received >= 1 dose of COVID-19 vaccine compared to those who did not (195/257 [75.9%] vs 41/84 [48.8%] P=< .0001;adjusted odds ratio [OR]: 3.0 [95% CI: 1.8, 5.1]). Conclusion. In this study of adults hospitalized for ARI, receipt of influenza and pneumococcal vaccination strongly correlated with receipt of COVID-19 vaccination. Continued efforts are needed to reach adults who remain hesitant to not only receive COVID-19 vaccines, but also other vaccines that lessen the burden of respiratory illness.
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Background. During the COVID-19 pandemic, social interventions such as social distancing and mask wearing have been encouraged. Social risk factors for SARS-CoV-2 infection and subsequent hospitalization remain uncertain. Methods. Adult patients were eligible if admitted to Emory University Hospital or Emory University Hospital Midtown with acute respiratory infection (ARI) symptoms (<= 14 days) or an admitting ARI diagnosis from May 2021 - Feb 2022. After enrollment, an in-depth interview identified demographic and social factors (e.g., employment status, smoking history, alcohol use), household characteristics, and pandemic social behaviors. All patients were tested for SARS-CoV-2 using PCR. We evaluated whether these demographic and social factors were related to a positive SARS-CoV-2 test upon admission to hospital with ARI using a logistic regression model. Results. 1141 subjects were enrolled and had SARS-CoV-2 PCR results available (700 positive and 441 negative). The median age was greater in the SARS-CoV-2 negative cohort than in the positive cohort (60 and 53 years, respectively;P< .0001). Those who tested positive were more likely to have had at least some college education compared to those who tested negative (64.3% vs 52.3%, P< .0001;adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 1.4 [95%CI: 1.1, 2.0]). Compared to those who tested negative, those who were SARS-CoV-2 positive were also more likely to be employed (48.9% vs 26.5%, P< .0001;aOR: 1.7 [95%CI: 1.1, 2.3]), have children 5-17 yo at home (27.6% vs 17.9%, P=.0002;aOR: 1.5 [95%CI: 1.1, 2.1]). Those with COVID-19 were less likely to receive home healthcare (6.2% vs 13.3%, P< .0001;aOR: 0.5 [95%CI: 0.4, 0.9]) and to be a current or previous smoker (7.6% vs 17.7%, P< .0001;aOR: 0.3 [95%CI: 0.2, 0.5]). Conclusion. Among adults admitted to the hospital for ARI, those who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 were typically younger, more likely to care for school-aged children, more likely to work outside the home, but were less likely to receive home healthcare or smoke. Personal and public health strategies to mitigate COVID-19 should take into consideration modifiable social risk factors.
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Background. Studies show that past SARS-CoV-2 infection provides a protective immune response against subsequent COVID-19, but the degree of protection from prior infection has not been determined. History of previous SARS-COV-2 Infection and Current SARS-COV-2 Infection Status at Admission. *Adjusted for chronic respiratory disease and prior COVID-19 vaccination Methods. From May 2021 through Feb 2022, adults (>= 18 years of age) hospitalized at Emory University Hospital and Emory University Hospital Midtown with acute respiratory infection (ARI) symptoms, who were PCR tested for SARS-CoV-2 were enrolled. A prior history of SARS-CoV-2 infection was obtained from patient interview and medical record review. Previous infection was defined as a self-reported prior SARS-CoV-2 infection or previous evidence of a positive SARS-CoV-2 PCR test >= 90 days before ARI hospital admission. We performed a test negative design to evaluate the protection provided by prior SARS-CoV-2 infection against subsequent COVID-19-related hospitalization. Effectiveness was determined using logistic regression analysis adjusted for patient sociodemographic and clinical characteristics and COVID-19 vaccination status. Results. Of 1152 adults hospitalized for ARI, 704/1152 (61%) were SARS-CoV-2 positive. 96/1152 (8%) had a prior SARS-CoV-2 infection before hospital admission. Patients with a previous history of SARS-CoV-2 infection were less likely to test positive for SARS-CoV-2 upon admission for ARI compared to those who did not have evidence of prior infection (31/96 [32%] vs 673/1056 [64%];adjustedOR: 0.25 [0.15, 0.41] (Table). Conclusion. Reinfections represented a small proportion (< 10%) of COVID-19-related hospitalizations. Prior SARS-CoV-2 infection provided meaningful protection against subsequent COVID-19-related hospitalization. The durability of this infection-induced immunity, variant-specific estimates, and the additive impact of vaccination are needed to further elucidate these findings.
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Disease transmission is studied through disciplines like epidemiology, applied mathematics, and statistics. Mathematical simulation models for transmission have implications in solving public and personal health challenges. The SIR model uses a compartmental approach including dynamic and nonlinear behavior of transmission through three factors: susceptible, infected, and removed (recovered and deceased) individuals. Using the Lambert W Function, we propose a framework to study solutions of the SIR model. This demonstrates the applications of COVID-19 transmission data to model the spread of a real-world disease. Different models of disease including the SIR, SIRmp and SEIRρqr model are compared with respect to their ability to predict disease spread. Physical distancing impacts and personal protection equipment use are discussed with relevance to the COVID-19 spread.